1953 Hoyleís proposal of hierarchical fragmentation by Jeans instability (Jeans mass_smallest mass that will collapse under self-gravity in homogeneous medium of given density & temperature)
1963 Layzer points out smallest clumps might collide & stick
c. 1952 Herbig & Haro find non-stellar bright knots associated with ìdark cloudsî (HH Objects)
CH absorption (1940); OH absorption (1963) emission (1965); CO emission (1970)
Emission associated with & dark clouds Bok Globules
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