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Types of Estimates: S = SnI 2 = SnII G = GCLF L = Lens r = Red Giants B = BTF R = ITF,RTF H = IRTF F = Fluctuations D = Dn-Sig/Fund Plane A = Global Summary Z = Sunyaev-Zeldovich T = TF O = Other N = Novae P = PNLF C = CMB Fit Secondary Types: C = Cosmology dependent M = Theory with assumed Omega K = Key Project or Key Project team member S = Sandage and/or Tammann V = deVaucouleurs or van den Bergh I = results presented at Irvine conf This file contains data and references on the determination of the extragalactic distance scale. Its primary use is to make plots of H versus t, but the references herein also tell the rather interesting story, dating back to the early 20th century, of our attempts to understand cosmological models and the age and fate of the Universe. Note that the earliest attempts to relate velocity and distance were primarily made to determine the local standard of rest of the MW --- our motion w.r.t. other nearby things, most notably galaxies (eg. Paddock and Wirtz). This was followed by Lundmarks and others attempts to calibrate the square-law relation predicted by one of the deSitter models (see Lundmark, Silberstein etc.) It wasn't until Lemaitre's work that the linear law was expected, and Lemaitre himself was one of the first people to try to find a velocity-distance relation using Hubble's new measurements of galaxy distances (Lemaitre 1927). Its interesting to note that if Lundmark had derived a linear relation from the distances he himself most believed he would have gotten a number very close to today's values! The astronomical world was sold on the velocity-distance relation by Hubble's 1929 paper and subsequent work by Hubble and Humason, although there were several dissenters. Major revisions came in the 1950's and early 60's when it was realized that Hubble's Cepheid calibration was incorrect and that he had also assumed that the brightest objects in more distance galaxies were individual stars when they really were star clusters. By 1960, the stage was set for the Sandage \etal versus deVaucouleurs \etal debate on the long versus short distance scale --- H ~ 50 km/s/mpc versys H ~ 100 km/s/Mpc. Since the completion of the HST Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale, which measured Cepheid based relative distances to two dozen nearby spiral galaxies, the local value of H0 is now thought to be know to 10-15% (one sigma). The current best value from the KP is 72+/-7 km/s/Mpc, with possibly optimistic estimates for the systematic errors such as the distance of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Global values from the Sunyaev-Zeldovich studies and from strong gravitational lensing studies (time-delays, mass models) overlap this estimate but generally are smaller (low to mid 60's in km/s/Mpc). A number like 70 +/- 10 km/s/Mpc overlaps almost all current estimates and is probably the best estimate to use until the next generation of results is available. The local debate now focuses on three or four main systematic sources of error: 1. The zero point of the Cepheid period-luminosity relation as determined from the distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). 2. The effect of varying chemical composition (metallicity/abundance) on that zero point and on distances derived assuming no offset between the LMC and galaxies of differing mean metallicity. 3. The effects of crowding (confusion) on the determination of Cepheid distances to the more distant galaxies. 4. Reddening (extinction), usually internal reddening in the galaxy measured. These effects are being worked on by a variety of teams using multiple techniques, such as the determination of a zero point for the Cepheids in the Milky Way using parallaxes (e.g. Hiparchos and the future missions FAME, SIM and GAIA). Only time will tell! In this listing, dates are publication date of paper, appearance date of preprint in Astroph, or date of talk at (e.g.) AAS meeting. Sometimes slight offsets have been added to the dates so as to not overplot points. Note that the file is split into very recent versus historical estimates. We have endeavored to make sure this table of estimates is complete, but we can make no promise that it is. Note also that many papers quote multiple values for H0 and multiple estimates of the errors for their estimates. We use external errors when available, otherwise the errors quoted by the authors appropriately rounded if they give values in fractional km/s. 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ISBN 1-85233-106-2 If you know of a missing reference, please let me know (huchra@cfa.harvard.edu). I've made a significant attempt to collect papers using the ADS, various reviews and reviewers, and personal knowledge, but undoubtedly some important references have been missed. We would like to acknowledge many people for additions and corrections including Susan Cartwright and Nick Allen. This file copyright by John Huchra at the Harvard-Smihtsonian Center for Astrophysics. It was assembled as part of the NASA/HST Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale. If you use it or any derivative, please reference the author and the Key Project. Thank you! Sincerely, John Huchra Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics huchra@cfa.harvard.edu March 14, 2007