\indexentry{James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)}{vii} \indexentry{radio}{vii} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{vii} \indexentry{Hubble Space Telescope (HST)}{vii} \indexentry{Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT)}{vii} \indexentry{European Extremely Large Telescope (EELT)}{vii} \indexentry{Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT)}{vii} \indexentry{Big Bang}{1} \indexentry{Big Bang}{1} \indexentry{Sun}{1} \indexentry{Milky Way}{1} \indexentry{Big Bang}{1} \indexentry{dark matter}{1} \indexentry{Big Bang}{2} \indexentry{density perturbations!inhomogeneities as}{2} \indexentry{density perturbations!inhomogeneities as}{2} \indexentry{large-scale structure}{2} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)!anisotropies in}{2} \indexentry{Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)}{2} \indexentry{Milky Way}{3} \indexentry{James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)}{3} \indexentry{Hubble Space Telescope (HST)}{3} \indexentry{radio}{3} \indexentry{radio}{3} \indexentry{emission of photons}{3} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{3} \indexentry{radio}{3} \indexentry{radio}{3} \indexentry{neutral hydrogen (H I)}{3} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{3} \indexentry{black hole}{3} \indexentry{Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT)}{3} \indexentry{European Extremely Large Telescope (EELT)}{3} \indexentry{Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT)}{3} \indexentry{cosmological principle}{4} \indexentry{Milky Way}{4} \indexentry{Milky Way}{4} \indexentry{cosmological constant}{4} \indexentry{Milky Way}{4} \indexentry{Hubble constant}{4} \indexentry{inflation}{5} \indexentry{inflation}{5} \indexentry{Big Bang}{5} \indexentry{helium}{5} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{5} \indexentry{blackbody radiation}{5} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{5} \indexentry{blackbody radiation}{5} \indexentry{Big Bang}{5} \indexentry{Hubble constant}{5} \indexentry{Birkhoff's theorem}{6} \indexentry{energy!kinetic}{6} \indexentry{energy!kinetic}{6} \indexentry{energy!potential}{6} \indexentry{critical density}{6} \indexentry{geometry}{6} \indexentry{geometry}{6} \indexentry{geometry}{6} \indexentry{geometry}{6} \indexentry{gravitational instability}{6} \indexentry{Milky Way}{6} \indexentry{density perturbations!inhomogeneities as}{6} \indexentry{critical density}{6} \indexentry{Birkhoff's theorem}{6} \indexentry{overdensity}{6} \indexentry{overdensity}{7} \indexentry{overdensity}{7} \indexentry{dark matter}{7} \indexentry{overdensity}{8} \indexentry{density perturbations}{8} \indexentry{Milky Way}{8} \indexentry{Big Bang}{8} \indexentry{Big Bang}{8} \indexentry{geometry}{8} \indexentry{geometry}{8} \indexentry{geometry}{8} \indexentry{geometry}{8} \indexentry{Big Bang}{8} \indexentry{sound waves}{8} \indexentry{horizon}{8} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{8} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)!anisotropies in}{8} \indexentry{Big Bang}{9} \indexentry{horizon}{9} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{9} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{9} \indexentry{density perturbations}{9} \indexentry{inflation}{9} \indexentry{horizon}{9} \indexentry{cosmological principle}{9} \indexentry{geometry}{9} \indexentry{geometry}{9} \indexentry{geometry}{9} \indexentry{inflation}{9} \indexentry{horizon}{9} \indexentry{sound waves}{10} \indexentry{photon!wavelength of}{10} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{10} \indexentry{emission of photons}{10} \indexentry{horizon}{10} \indexentry{Big Bang}{10} \indexentry{emission of photons}{10} \indexentry{photon}{10} \indexentry{recombination}{11} \indexentry{reionization}{11} \indexentry{photon}{12} \indexentry{cosmological constant!vacuum energy density as}{12} \indexentry{inflation}{12} \indexentry{photon}{12} \indexentry{photon}{12} \indexentry{cosmological constant!vacuum energy density as}{12} \indexentry{inflation}{12} \indexentry{inflation}{12} \indexentry{photon}{12} \indexentry{dark matter}{13} \indexentry{proton}{13} \indexentry{neutron}{13} \indexentry{baryon}{13} \indexentry{cosmological constant!vacuum energy density as}{13} \indexentry{cosmological constant}{13} \indexentry{cosmological constant!vacuum energy density as}{13} \indexentry{inflation}{13} \indexentry{cosmological constant!vacuum energy density as}{13} \indexentry{cosmological constant!vacuum energy density as}{13} \indexentry{cosmological constant!vacuum energy density as}{13} \indexentry{geometry}{13} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{13} \indexentry{photon}{13} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{14} \indexentry{inflation}{14} \indexentry{cosmological constant!vacuum energy density as}{14} \indexentry{geometry}{14} \indexentry{cosmological constant!vacuum energy density as}{14} \indexentry{annihilation of electrons and positrons}{14} \indexentry{Big Bang!nucleosynthesis of}{14} \indexentry{nucleosynthesis}{14} \indexentry{inflation}{14} \indexentry{density perturbations!inhomogeneities as}{14} \indexentry{cosmological constant!vacuum energy density as}{14} \indexentry{inflation}{14} \indexentry{horizon}{14} \indexentry{horizon}{14} \indexentry{inflation}{14} \indexentry{inflation}{14} \indexentry{density perturbations}{14} \indexentry{inflation}{14} \indexentry{baryon}{14} \indexentry{proton}{14} \indexentry{neutron}{14} \indexentry{quark}{14} \indexentry{Big Bang}{14} \indexentry{neutrino}{14} \indexentry{neutron}{14} \indexentry{proton}{14} \indexentry{electron}{14} \indexentry{positron}{14} \indexentry{annihilation of electrons and positrons}{14} \indexentry{helium}{14} \indexentry{electron}{14} \indexentry{photon}{14} \indexentry{electron}{14} \indexentry{proton}{14} \indexentry{neutral hydrogen (H I)}{14} \indexentry{electron}{14} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{14} \indexentry{inflation}{15} \indexentry{baryogenesis}{15} \indexentry{proton}{15} \indexentry{neutron}{15} \indexentry{quark}{15} \indexentry{dark matter}{15} \indexentry{dark matter}{15} \indexentry{neutrino}{15} \indexentry{electron}{15} \indexentry{helium}{15} \indexentry{recombination}{15} \indexentry{Big Bang}{16} \indexentry{inflation}{16} \indexentry{Planck time}{16} \indexentry{dark matter}{16} \indexentry{dark matter}{16} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{16} \indexentry{photon}{16} \indexentry{Milky Way}{16} \indexentry{Milky Way}{16} \indexentry{dark matter}{16} \indexentry{Milky Way}{16} \indexentry{Sun}{16} \indexentry{dark matter}{16} \indexentry{density perturbations}{16} \indexentry{dark matter}{16} \indexentry{large-scale structure}{16} \indexentry{black hole}{16} \indexentry{Planck time}{16} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{17} \indexentry{cosmological constant!vacuum energy density as}{17} \indexentry{dark matter}{17} \indexentry{neutrino}{17} \indexentry{Milky Way}{17} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{18} \indexentry{hierarchical structure formation}{18} \indexentry{energy!potential}{18} \indexentry{dark matter}{18} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{18} \indexentry{recombination}{18} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{18} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{18} \indexentry{inflation}{19} \indexentry{recombination}{21} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{21} \indexentry{Big Bang}{21} \indexentry{inflation}{21} \indexentry{density perturbations}{21} \indexentry{Milky Way}{21} \indexentry{overdensity}{21} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{21} \indexentry{recombination}{21} \indexentry{gravitational instability}{21} \indexentry{large-scale structure}{21} \indexentry{density perturbations}{21} \indexentry{energy!potential}{21} \indexentry{dark matter}{21} \indexentry{peculiar velocity}{22} \indexentry{Poisson's equation}{22} \indexentry{dark matter}{22} \indexentry{energy!potential}{22} \indexentry{inflation}{22} \indexentry{inflation}{22} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{22} \indexentry{cosmological constant}{22} \indexentry{energy!potential}{23} \indexentry{density perturbations}{23} \indexentry{Fourier modes}{23} \indexentry{inflation}{23} \indexentry{power spectrum}{23} \indexentry{density perturbations}{23} \indexentry{inflation}{23} \indexentry{horizon}{23} \indexentry{horizon}{23} \indexentry{inflation}{23} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{23} \indexentry{large-scale structure}{23} \indexentry{dark matter}{24} \indexentry{baryon}{24} \indexentry{power spectrum}{24} \indexentry{density perturbations!inhomogeneities as}{24} \indexentry{sound waves}{24} \indexentry{inflation}{24} \indexentry{sound waves}{24} \indexentry{horizon}{24} \indexentry{horizon}{24} \indexentry{horizon}{24} \indexentry{dark matter}{24} \indexentry{power spectrum}{24} \indexentry{Hubble constant}{24} \indexentry{Gaussian perturbations}{24} \indexentry{Gaussian perturbations}{24} \indexentry{Sun!mass of}{25} \indexentry{sound waves}{27} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{27} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{27} \indexentry{dark matter}{27} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{27} \indexentry{Big Bang}{27} \indexentry{energy!potential}{27} \indexentry{dark matter}{31} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{31} \indexentry{dark matter}{31} \indexentry{dark matter}{31} \indexentry{spherical collapse}{33} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{33} \indexentry{dark matter}{33} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{33} \indexentry{dark matter}{34} \indexentry{dark matter}{34} \indexentry{cooling}{34} \indexentry{black hole}{34} \indexentry{rotation}{34} \indexentry{rotation}{34} \indexentry{dark matter}{34} \indexentry{virial parameters}{34} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{34} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{34} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{34} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{34} \indexentry{overdensity}{34} \indexentry{energy!potential}{34} \indexentry{density perturbations}{34} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{34} \indexentry{dark matter}{34} \indexentry{overdensity}{34} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{34} \indexentry{dark matter}{34} \indexentry{overdensity}{34} \indexentry{spherical collapse!turnaround of}{34} \indexentry{overdensity}{34} \indexentry{overdensity}{34} \indexentry{virial parameters}{35} \indexentry{Sun}{35} \indexentry{energy!kinetic}{35} \indexentry{energy!potential}{35} \indexentry{virial parameters}{35} \indexentry{energy!potential}{35} \indexentry{energy!kinetic}{35} \indexentry{virial parameters}{35} \indexentry{spherical collapse!turnaround of}{35} \indexentry{energy!kinetic}{35} \indexentry{overdensity}{35} \indexentry{virial parameters}{35} \indexentry{virial parameters}{35} \indexentry{molecules}{35} \indexentry{proton}{35} \indexentry{primordial gas}{35} \indexentry{helium}{35} \indexentry{dark matter}{35} \indexentry{supernova}{35} \indexentry{spherical collapse}{35} \indexentry{dark matter}{35} \indexentry{hierarchical structure formation}{35} \indexentry{dark matter}{35} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{35} \indexentry{hierarchical structure formation}{35} \indexentry{NFW density profile}{35} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{36} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{36} \indexentry{Gaussian perturbations}{36} \indexentry{spherical collapse}{36} \indexentry{virial parameters}{36} \indexentry{Gaussian perturbations}{36} \indexentry{density perturbations}{36} \indexentry{Press-Schechter model}{36} \indexentry{Gaussian perturbations}{36} \indexentry{power spectrum}{36} \indexentry{critical density}{36} \indexentry{power spectrum}{36} \indexentry{dark matter}{36} \indexentry{dark matter}{36} \indexentry{overdensity}{37} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{37} \indexentry{Press-Schechter model}{37} \indexentry{Press-Schechter model}{37} \indexentry{Excursion set (extended Press-Schechter) formalism}{37} \indexentry{Press-Schechter model}{37} \indexentry{Press-Schechter model}{37} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{37} \indexentry{overdensity}{37} \indexentry{Excursion set (extended Press-Schechter) formalism}{37} \indexentry{overdensity}{37} \indexentry{Press-Schechter model}{37} \indexentry{Gaussian perturbations}{37} \indexentry{Excursion set (extended Press-Schechter) formalism}{37} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{38} \indexentry{spherical collapse}{39} \indexentry{Gaussian perturbations}{39} \indexentry{Gaussian perturbations}{39} \indexentry{overdensity}{39} \indexentry{Gaussian perturbations}{39} \indexentry{Press-Schechter model}{39} \indexentry{Gaussian perturbations}{39} \indexentry{Press-Schechter model}{40} \indexentry{Gaussian perturbations}{40} \indexentry{Excursion set (extended Press-Schechter) formalism}{41} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{41} \indexentry{cooling}{45} \indexentry{interstellar medium (ISM)}{45} \indexentry{Milky Way}{45} \indexentry{heavy elements (metals)}{45} \indexentry{molecules}{45} \indexentry{cooling}{45} \indexentry{primordial gas}{45} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{45} \indexentry{virial parameters}{45} \indexentry{cooling}{45} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{45} \indexentry{molecules}{45} \indexentry{molecules}{45} \indexentry{chemical reactions}{45} \indexentry{electron}{45} \indexentry{recombination}{45} \indexentry{electron}{45} \indexentry{photon}{45} \indexentry{molecules}{45} \indexentry{photon}{45} \indexentry{molecules}{45} \indexentry{virial parameters}{45} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{45} \indexentry{electron}{45} \indexentry{helium}{46} \indexentry{molecules}{46} \indexentry{virial parameters}{46} \indexentry{helium}{46} \indexentry{molecules}{46} \indexentry{cooling}{46} \indexentry{molecules}{46} \indexentry{virial parameters}{51} \indexentry{dark matter}{51} \indexentry{geometry}{51} \indexentry{dark matter}{51} \indexentry{energy!potential}{51} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{51} \indexentry{dark matter}{51} \indexentry{cooling}{51} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{51} \indexentry{black hole}{51} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{51} \indexentry{emission of photons}{51} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{51} \indexentry{black hole}{51} \indexentry{Big Bang}{51} \indexentry{chemical reactions}{51} \indexentry{heavy elements (metals)}{51} \indexentry{cooling}{51} \indexentry{heavy elements (metals)}{51} \indexentry{molecules}{51} \indexentry{interstellar medium (ISM)}{51} \indexentry{supernova}{51} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{52} \indexentry{black hole}{52} \indexentry{neutron}{52} \indexentry{neutron star}{52} \indexentry{neutron}{52} \indexentry{Sun}{52} \indexentry{neutron}{52} \indexentry{heavy elements (metals)}{52} \indexentry{primordial gas}{52} \indexentry{helium}{52} \indexentry{nucleosynthesis}{52} \indexentry{Big Bang!nucleosynthesis of}{52} \indexentry{cooling}{52} \indexentry{primordial gas}{52} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{52} \indexentry{molecules}{52} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{52} \indexentry{cooling}{52} \indexentry{supernova}{52} \indexentry{black hole}{52} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{52} \indexentry{reionization}{53} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{53} \indexentry{reionization}{53} \indexentry{energy!potential}{53} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{53} \indexentry{dark matter}{53} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{53} \indexentry{Milky Way}{53} \indexentry{reionization}{53} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{53} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{53} \indexentry{density perturbations}{53} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{53} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{53} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{53} \indexentry{cooling}{53} \indexentry{cooling}{53} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{53} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{53} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{53} \indexentry{heavy elements (metals)}{53} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{54} \indexentry{molecules}{54} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{54} \indexentry{molecules}{54} \indexentry{electron}{54} \indexentry{ionized regions}{54} \indexentry{molecules}{54} \indexentry{heavy elements (metals)}{55} \indexentry{Milky Way}{55} \indexentry{helium}{55} \indexentry{Sun}{55} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population I}{55} \indexentry{metallicity}{55} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population II}{55} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population III}{55} \indexentry{Salpeter mass function}{55} \indexentry{Initial Mass Function (IMF) of stars}{55} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{55} \indexentry{molecules}{55} \indexentry{supernova}{55} \indexentry{heavy elements (metals)}{55} \indexentry{molecules}{55} \indexentry{cooling}{55} \indexentry{cooling}{56} \indexentry{molecules}{56} \indexentry{metallicity}{56} \indexentry{metallicity}{56} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{56} \indexentry{cooling}{56} \indexentry{primordial gas}{56} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population III}{56} \indexentry{photon}{56} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population III}{56} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population II}{56} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{56} \indexentry{Sun!abundance in}{56} \indexentry{Sun}{57} \indexentry{Eddington luminosity}{57} \indexentry{luminosity}{57} \indexentry{luminosity}{57} \indexentry{blackbody radiation}{57} \indexentry{Sun!radius of}{57} \indexentry{photon}{57} \indexentry{electron}{57} \indexentry{photon}{57} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population III}{57} \indexentry{photon}{57} \indexentry{proton}{57} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population III}{57} \indexentry{photon}{57} \indexentry{photon}{57} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population II}{57} \indexentry{photon}{57} \indexentry{proton}{57} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population III}{57} \indexentry{emission of photons}{57} \indexentry{supernova}{57} \indexentry{photon}{57} \indexentry{reionization}{57} \indexentry{energy!potential}{57} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population II}{57} \indexentry{photon}{58} \indexentry{reionization}{58} \indexentry{photon}{58} \indexentry{photon}{58} \indexentry{recombination}{58} \indexentry{reionization}{58} \indexentry{luminosity}{58} \indexentry{photon!wavelength of}{58} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{58} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population III}{58} \indexentry{luminosity}{58} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population II}{58} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population III}{58} \indexentry{supernova!pair instability}{58} \indexentry{black hole}{58} \indexentry{supernova}{58} \indexentry{metallicity}{58} \indexentry{electron}{58} \indexentry{positron}{58} \indexentry{energy!kinetic}{58} \indexentry{energy!kinetic}{58} \indexentry{supernova}{58} \indexentry{supernova}{58} \indexentry{black hole}{58} \indexentry{dark matter}{58} \indexentry{Milky Way}{58} \indexentry{Milky Way}{58} \indexentry{Sun!abundance in}{59} \indexentry{heavy elements (metals)}{59} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{photon}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{Milky Way}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)!afterglow}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)!afterglow}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)!afterglow}{62} \indexentry{photon}{62} \indexentry{radio}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)!afterglow}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)!afterglow}{62} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{62} \indexentry{supernova}{62} \indexentry{supernova}{63} \indexentry{supernova}{63} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{63} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{63} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{63} \indexentry{collapsar}{63} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{63} \indexentry{neutron}{63} \indexentry{black hole}{63} \indexentry{black hole}{63} \indexentry{black hole}{63} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)!afterglow}{63} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{63} \indexentry{supernova}{63} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{63} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{63} \indexentry{collapsar}{63} \indexentry{black hole}{64} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{74} \indexentry{black hole}{74} \indexentry{rotation}{74} \indexentry{black hole}{74} \indexentry{horizon}{74} \indexentry{black hole!supermassive}{74} \indexentry{Milky Way}{74} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{quasar}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{horizon}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{energy!potential}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{quasar}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{75} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{75} \indexentry{geometry}{75} \indexentry{horizon}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{black hole}{75} \indexentry{black hole!supermassive}{76} \indexentry{radio}{76} \indexentry{electron}{76} \indexentry{proton}{76} \indexentry{electron}{76} \indexentry{positron}{76} \indexentry{Hubble Space Telescope (HST)}{76} \indexentry{quasar}{76} \indexentry{quasar}{76} \indexentry{black hole!supermassive}{76} \indexentry{black hole}{76} \indexentry{rotation}{76} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{76} \indexentry{black hole}{76} \indexentry{black hole}{76} \indexentry{quasar}{77} \indexentry{black hole}{77} \indexentry{Big Bang}{77} \indexentry{black hole}{77} \indexentry{black hole}{77} \indexentry{black hole!supermassive}{77} \indexentry{quasar}{77} \indexentry{black hole}{77} \indexentry{quasar}{77} \indexentry{black hole}{77} \indexentry{black hole}{77} \indexentry{energy!potential}{77} \indexentry{black hole!supermassive}{77} \indexentry{Big Bang}{77} \indexentry{black hole}{77} \indexentry{black hole}{77} \indexentry{black hole!supermassive}{77} \indexentry{luminosity}{77} \indexentry{black hole}{77} \indexentry{luminosity}{77} \indexentry{proton}{77} \indexentry{electron}{77} \indexentry{proton}{77} \indexentry{Thomson cross-section}{77} \indexentry{photon}{77} \indexentry{electron}{77} \indexentry{Eddington luminosity}{77} \indexentry{luminosity}{77} \indexentry{geometry}{78} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{78} \indexentry{geometry}{78} \indexentry{quasar}{78} \indexentry{black hole}{78} \indexentry{luminosity}{78} \indexentry{black hole}{78} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{78} \indexentry{black hole}{78} \indexentry{black hole}{78} \indexentry{black hole}{78} \indexentry{black hole}{78} \indexentry{black hole}{78} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population III}{78} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{energy!kinetic}{79} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{79} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{emission of photons}{79} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{79} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{supermassive star}{79} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{79} \indexentry{molecules}{79} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{accretion of matter}{79} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{black hole}{79} \indexentry{Milky Way}{79} \indexentry{Milky Way}{79} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{80} \indexentry{virial parameters}{80} \indexentry{cooling}{80} \indexentry{Big Bang}{80} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{80} \indexentry{supermassive star}{80} \indexentry{black hole}{80} \indexentry{black hole}{81} \indexentry{luminosity}{81} \indexentry{virial parameters}{81} \indexentry{black hole}{81} \indexentry{black hole}{81} \indexentry{supernova}{81} \indexentry{quasar}{81} \indexentry{quasar}{81} \indexentry{heavy elements (metals)}{81} \indexentry{quasar}{81} \indexentry{quasar}{81} \indexentry{quasar}{81} \indexentry{black hole}{81} \indexentry{Milky Way}{81} \indexentry{black hole}{81} \indexentry{black hole}{81} \indexentry{Milky Way}{81} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{85} \indexentry{Big Bang}{85} \indexentry{quasar}{85} \indexentry{proton}{85} \indexentry{electron}{85} \indexentry{reionization}{85} \indexentry{electron}{85} \indexentry{proton}{85} \indexentry{electron}{85} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{85} \indexentry{polarization}{85} \indexentry{Thomson cross-section}{85} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{85} \indexentry{Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)}{85} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{85} \indexentry{photon}{85} \indexentry{electron}{85} \indexentry{recombination}{85} \indexentry{reionization}{85} \indexentry{Big Bang}{85} \indexentry{reionization}{85} \indexentry{reionization}{85} \indexentry{photon}{85} \indexentry{black hole}{85} \indexentry{photon}{85} \indexentry{black hole}{85} \indexentry{quasar}{85} \indexentry{photon}{85} \indexentry{reionization}{85} \indexentry{polarization}{85} \indexentry{electron}{85} \indexentry{reionization}{85} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{85} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{85} \indexentry{horizon}{85} \indexentry{reionization}{85} \indexentry{electron}{85} \indexentry{reionization}{85} \indexentry{reionization}{85} \indexentry{Planck satellite}{85} \indexentry{photon}{86} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{86} \indexentry{reionization}{86} \indexentry{reionization}{86} \indexentry{photon}{86} \indexentry{photon}{86} \indexentry{proton}{86} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{86} \indexentry{photon}{86} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population III}{86} \indexentry{recombination}{86} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{86} \indexentry{recombination}{86} \indexentry{quasar}{86} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{86} \indexentry{neutral hydrogen (H I)}{86} \indexentry{reionization}{86} \indexentry{Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)}{86} \indexentry{reionization}{86} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)!anisotropies in}{86} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{86} \indexentry{reionization}{86} \indexentry{reionization}{86} \indexentry{Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)}{86} \indexentry{reionization}{86} \indexentry{photon}{86} \indexentry{reionization}{86} \indexentry{H I, definition of}{86} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{86} \indexentry{H II, definition of}{86} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{86} \indexentry{reionization}{86} \indexentry{reionization}{86} \indexentry{recombination}{87} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{87} \indexentry{photon}{87} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{87} \indexentry{recombination}{87} \indexentry{interstellar medium (ISM)}{87} \indexentry{recombination}{87} \indexentry{recombination}{87} \indexentry{recombination}{87} \indexentry{photon}{87} \indexentry{recombination}{87} \indexentry{recombination}{87} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{87} \indexentry{recombination}{87} \indexentry{recombination}{87} \indexentry{electron}{87} \indexentry{helium}{87} \indexentry{baryon}{88} \indexentry{baryon}{88} \indexentry{baryon}{88} \indexentry{photon}{88} \indexentry{baryon}{88} \indexentry{baryon}{88} \indexentry{recombination}{88} \indexentry{recombination}{88} \indexentry{quasar}{88} \indexentry{quasar}{88} \indexentry{photon}{88} \indexentry{baryon}{88} \indexentry{black hole}{88} \indexentry{baryon}{88} \indexentry{black hole}{88} \indexentry{quasar}{88} \indexentry{photon}{89} \indexentry{quasar}{89} \indexentry{photon}{89} \indexentry{recombination}{89} \indexentry{quasar}{89} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{89} \indexentry{photon}{89} \indexentry{reionization}{89} \indexentry{photon}{89} \indexentry{recombination}{89} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{89} \indexentry{ionized regions}{89} \indexentry{ionized regions}{89} \indexentry{reionization}{89} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{89} \indexentry{photon}{89} \indexentry{reionization}{89} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{89} \indexentry{hierarchical structure formation}{89} \indexentry{Press-Schechter model}{89} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{90} \indexentry{reionization}{90} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{90} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{90} \indexentry{photon}{90} \indexentry{photon}{90} \indexentry{baryon}{90} \indexentry{baryon}{90} \indexentry{baryon}{90} \indexentry{photon}{90} \indexentry{photon}{90} \indexentry{photon}{90} \indexentry{recombination}{90} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{90} \indexentry{Press-Schechter model}{90} \indexentry{cooling}{90} \indexentry{cooling}{91} \indexentry{reionization}{91} \indexentry{virial parameters}{91} \indexentry{reionization}{91} \indexentry{recombination}{91} \indexentry{quasar}{91} \indexentry{photon}{91} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{91} \indexentry{photon}{91} \indexentry{baryon}{91} \indexentry{luminosity}{91} \indexentry{Excursion set (extended Press-Schechter) formalism}{91} \indexentry{reionization}{91} \indexentry{power spectrum}{91} \indexentry{density perturbations!inhomogeneities as}{91} \indexentry{reionization}{91} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{91} \indexentry{Excursion set (extended Press-Schechter) formalism}{91} \indexentry{photon}{91} \indexentry{baryon}{91} \indexentry{ionized regions}{92} \indexentry{overdensity}{92} \indexentry{overdensity}{92} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{92} \indexentry{Press-Schechter model}{92} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{92} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{92} \indexentry{photon}{92} \indexentry{reionization}{92} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{92} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{92} \indexentry{reionization}{92} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ forest}{93} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{93} \indexentry{reionization}{93} \indexentry{reionization}{93} \indexentry{proton}{93} \indexentry{electron}{93} \indexentry{photon}{93} \indexentry{overdensity}{93} \indexentry{recombination}{93} \indexentry{reionization}{93} \indexentry{reionization}{93} \indexentry{photon}{93} \indexentry{reionization}{93} \indexentry{reionization}{93} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{93} \indexentry{photon}{93} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{93} \indexentry{reionization}{93} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{93} \indexentry{reionization}{93} \indexentry{photon}{93} \indexentry{photon}{93} \indexentry{reionization}{93} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{94} \indexentry{reionization}{94} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{94} \indexentry{proton}{94} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{94} \indexentry{overdensity}{94} \indexentry{photon}{94} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{94} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{94} \indexentry{reionization}{94} \indexentry{large-scale structure}{94} \indexentry{reionization}{94} \indexentry{density perturbations!inhomogeneities as}{94} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{94} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{94} \indexentry{photon}{95} \indexentry{reionization}{95} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{95} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{95} \indexentry{radio}{95} \indexentry{emission of photons}{95} \indexentry{reionization}{95} \indexentry{proton}{99} \indexentry{electron}{99} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ line}{99} \indexentry{Gunn-Peterson effect}{99} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ line}{99} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{99} \indexentry{quasar}{99} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{99} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{99} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{99} \indexentry{quasar}{99} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{99} \indexentry{quasar}{99} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ line}{99} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{99} \indexentry{overdensity}{99} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ forest}{99} \indexentry{quasar}{99} \indexentry{quasar}{99} \indexentry{large-scale structure}{99} \indexentry{reionization}{99} \indexentry{photon}{99} \indexentry{21-cm line}{100} \indexentry{hyperfine 21-cm transition}{100} \indexentry{electron}{100} \indexentry{proton}{100} \indexentry{electron}{100} \indexentry{emission of photons}{100} \indexentry{photon}{100} \indexentry{21-cm line}{100} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{100} \indexentry{emission of photons}{100} \indexentry{photon}{100} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{100} \indexentry{photon!wavelength of}{100} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{100} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{100} \indexentry{quasar}{100} \indexentry{emission of photons}{100} \indexentry{Gunn-Peterson effect}{100} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ line}{100} \indexentry{Gunn-Peterson effect}{100} \indexentry{quasar}{100} \indexentry{reionization}{100} \indexentry{photon}{100} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{100} \indexentry{photometry}{100} \indexentry{photon}{100} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{100} \indexentry{spectroscopy}{100} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{100} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{100} \indexentry{reionization}{100} \indexentry{spectroscopy}{100} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ line}{100} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ line}{100} \indexentry{quasar}{100} \indexentry{Gunn-Peterson effect}{100} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ line}{100} \indexentry{quasar}{101} \indexentry{quasar}{101} \indexentry{quasar}{101} \indexentry{Gunn-Peterson effect}{101} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{101} \indexentry{photometry}{101} \indexentry{reionization}{101} \indexentry{Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)}{101} \indexentry{21-cm line}{111} \indexentry{rotation}{117} \indexentry{electron}{117} \indexentry{proton}{117} \indexentry{emission of photons}{117} \indexentry{photon}{117} \indexentry{21-cm line}{117} \indexentry{emission of photons}{117} \indexentry{Milky Way}{117} \indexentry{hyperfine 21-cm transition}{117} \indexentry{neutral hydrogen (H I)}{117} \indexentry{reionization}{117} \indexentry{21-cm line}{117} \indexentry{emission of photons}{117} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{117} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{117} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{117} \indexentry{21-cm line}{117} \indexentry{reionization}{117} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ line}{117} \indexentry{emission of photons}{117} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{117} \indexentry{density perturbations!inhomogeneities as}{117} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{117} \indexentry{reionization}{117} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{117} \indexentry{21-cm line}{117} \indexentry{electron}{117} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{117} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{117} \indexentry{21-cm line}{117} \indexentry{density perturbations!inhomogeneities as}{117} \indexentry{Big Bang}{117} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{118} \indexentry{reionization}{118} \indexentry{spin temperature}{118} \indexentry{spin temperature}{118} \indexentry{photon}{118} \indexentry{spin temperature}{118} \indexentry{spin temperature}{118} \indexentry{spin temperature}{118} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{118} \indexentry{emission of photons}{118} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{118} \indexentry{hyperfine 21-cm transition}{118} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{118} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{118} \indexentry{hyperfine transition}{118} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{118} \indexentry{emission of photons}{118} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{118} \indexentry{spin temperature}{118} \indexentry{hyperfine 21-cm transition}{119} \indexentry{photon}{119} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{119} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{119} \indexentry{hyperfine 21-cm transition}{119} \indexentry{recombination}{119} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{119} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ line}{119} \indexentry{photon}{119} \indexentry{Wouthuysen-Field effect}{119} \indexentry{photon}{119} \indexentry{neutral hydrogen (H I)}{119} \indexentry{emission of photons}{119} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{119} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{119} \indexentry{radio}{119} \indexentry{blackbody radiation}{119} \indexentry{emission of photons}{119} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{119} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{119} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{119} \indexentry{overdensity}{119} \indexentry{overdensity}{119} \indexentry{ionized regions}{119} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{119} \indexentry{emission of photons}{119} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{119} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{119} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ line}{119} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{119} \indexentry{reionization}{119} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{120} \indexentry{spin temperature}{120} \indexentry{recombination}{120} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{120} \indexentry{black hole}{120} \indexentry{supernova}{120} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{120} \indexentry{21-cm line}{120} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{120} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{120} \indexentry{photon}{120} \indexentry{ionized regions}{120} \indexentry{horizon}{120} \indexentry{photon}{120} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{120} \indexentry{reionization}{120} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{121} \indexentry{spin temperature}{121} \indexentry{reionization}{121} \indexentry{21-cm line}{121} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{121} \indexentry{radio}{121} \indexentry{radio}{121} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{121} \indexentry{radio}{121} \indexentry{Square Kilometer Array (SKA)}{121} \indexentry{Low Frequency Array (LOFAR)}{121} \indexentry{Murchison Wide-Field Array (MWA)}{121} \indexentry{Precision Array to Probe the Epoch of Reionization (PAPER)}{121} \indexentry{Primeval Structure Telescope}{121} \indexentry{radio}{121} \indexentry{21-cm line}{121} \indexentry{emission of photons}{121} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{121} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{121} \indexentry{COsmic Background Explorer (COBE)}{121} \indexentry{reionization}{121} \indexentry{radio}{121} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{121} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{121} \indexentry{21-cm line}{121} \indexentry{electron}{121} \indexentry{Milky Way}{121} \indexentry{synchrotron radiation}{121} \indexentry{radio}{121} \indexentry{emission of photons}{121} \indexentry{radio}{121} \indexentry{reionization}{121} \indexentry{synchrotron radiation}{121} \indexentry{radio}{121} \indexentry{radio}{121} \indexentry{21-cm line}{122} \indexentry{emission of photons}{122} \indexentry{radio}{122} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{122} \indexentry{Murchison Wide-Field Array (MWA)}{122} \indexentry{emission of photons}{123} \indexentry{reionization}{123} \indexentry{reionization}{123} \indexentry{reionization}{123} \indexentry{intergalactic medium (IGM)}{123} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{123} \indexentry{reionization}{123} \indexentry{radio}{123} \indexentry{21-cm line}{123} \indexentry{emission of photons}{123} \indexentry{synchrotron radiation}{123} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{123} \indexentry{synchrotron radiation}{123} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{123} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{123} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{123} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{123} \indexentry{21-cm line}{123} \indexentry{reionization}{123} \indexentry{21-cm line}{123} \indexentry{emission of photons}{123} \indexentry{power spectrum}{123} \indexentry{reionization}{123} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{123} \indexentry{reionization}{123} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{123} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{123} \indexentry{supernova}{124} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{124} \indexentry{nucleosynthesis}{124} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{124} \indexentry{reionization}{124} \indexentry{Milky Way}{124} \indexentry{dark matter}{124} \indexentry{21-cm line}{124} \indexentry{reionization}{124} \indexentry{21-cm line}{124} \indexentry{quasar}{124} \indexentry{21-cm line}{124} \indexentry{inflation}{124} \indexentry{dark energy, {\it see also} cosmological constant}{124} \indexentry{21-cm line}{124} \indexentry{inflation}{124} \indexentry{dark matter}{124} \indexentry{reionization}{124} \indexentry{reionization}{124} \indexentry{21-cm line}{124} \indexentry{peculiar velocity}{124} \indexentry{21-cm line}{124} \indexentry{photon}{124} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{124} \indexentry{photon}{124} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{124} \indexentry{21-cm line}{125} \indexentry{power spectrum}{125} \indexentry{reionization}{125} \indexentry{horizon}{125} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{125} \indexentry{synchrotron radiation}{125} \indexentry{21-cm line}{125} \indexentry{Fourier modes}{126} \indexentry{reionization}{126} \indexentry{black hole}{126} \indexentry{supernova}{126} \indexentry{quasar}{126} \indexentry{density perturbations}{126} \indexentry{power spectrum}{126} \indexentry{Fourier modes}{126} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{126} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{126} \indexentry{21-cm line}{126} \indexentry{Jeans mass}{126} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{126} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)!anisotropies in}{126} \indexentry{photon}{126} \indexentry{21-cm line}{126} \indexentry{photon}{126} \indexentry{density perturbations!inhomogeneities as}{126} \indexentry{Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)}{126} \indexentry{21-cm line}{126} \indexentry{21-cm line}{126} \indexentry{horizon}{126} \indexentry{21-cm line}{126} \indexentry{emission of photons}{126} \indexentry{quasar}{126} \indexentry{Lyman-$\alpha$ forest}{126} \indexentry{spectroscopy}{126} \indexentry{Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)}{126} \indexentry{reionization}{127} \indexentry{reionization}{127} \indexentry{black hole}{127} \indexentry{numerical simulations}{127} \indexentry{primordial gas}{127} \indexentry{Big Bang}{127} \indexentry{Sun}{127} \indexentry{heavy elements (metals)}{127} \indexentry{primordial gas}{127} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{127} \indexentry{supernova}{127} \indexentry{heavy elements (metals)}{127} \indexentry{fragmentation of gas}{127} \indexentry{Milky Way}{127} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{127} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{127} \indexentry{reionization}{128} \indexentry{reionization}{128} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{128} \indexentry{reionization}{128} \indexentry{luminosity}{128} \indexentry{Big Bang}{128} \indexentry{electron}{128} \indexentry{electron}{128} \indexentry{Initial Mass Function (IMF) of stars}{128} \indexentry{nano-Jansky (nJy)}{128} \indexentry{Gunn-Peterson effect}{128} \indexentry{Salpeter mass function}{128} \indexentry{luminosity}{128} \indexentry{luminosity distance}{128} \indexentry{photon}{128} \indexentry{photon}{130} \indexentry{angular diameter distance}{130} \indexentry{photon}{130} \indexentry{luminosity}{130} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{130} \indexentry{photon!frequency of}{130} \indexentry{interstellar medium (ISM)}{130} \indexentry{helium}{130} \indexentry{Hubble Deep Field (HDF)}{131} \indexentry{Hubble Space Telescope (HST)}{131} \indexentry{Hubble Space Telescope (HST)}{131} \indexentry{Hubble Space Telescope (HST)}{131} \indexentry{Hubble Space Telescope (HST)}{131} \indexentry{Hubble Deep Field (HDF)}{131} \indexentry{Hubble Deep Field (HDF)}{131} \indexentry{Hubble Deep Field (HDF)}{132} \indexentry{Spitzer Space Telescope}{133} \indexentry{spectroscopy}{133} \indexentry{supernova}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{photon}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)!afterglow}{134} \indexentry{photon}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)!afterglow}{134} \indexentry{quasar}{134} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{Big Bang}{134} \indexentry{quasar}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{quasar}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)!afterglow}{134} \indexentry{emission of photons}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{quasar}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{emission of photons}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{quasar}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)!afterglow}{134} \indexentry{spectroscopy}{134} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population III}{134} \indexentry{Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)}{134} \indexentry{absorption of photons}{136} \indexentry{James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)}{136} \indexentry{James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)}{137} \indexentry{James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)}{137} \indexentry{James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)}{137} \indexentry{Sun}{137} \indexentry{primordial gas}{137} \indexentry{emission of photons}{137} \indexentry{James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)}{137} \indexentry{James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)}{137} \indexentry{Populations of stars!Population III}{137} \indexentry{blackbody radiation}{137} \indexentry{Gunn-Peterson effect}{137} \indexentry{helium}{137} \indexentry{emission of photons}{137} \indexentry{spectroscopy}{137} \indexentry{interstellar medium (ISM)}{137} \indexentry{James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)}{138} \indexentry{bubbles of ionized gas}{138} \indexentry{reionization}{138} \indexentry{neutral hydrogen (H I)}{138} \indexentry{radio}{138} \indexentry{Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA)}{138} \indexentry{Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT)}{138} \indexentry{European Extremely Large Telescope (EELT)}{138} \indexentry{Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT)}{138} \indexentry{Initial Mass Function (IMF) of stars}{138} \indexentry{nano-Jansky (nJy)}{138} \indexentry{Gunn-Peterson effect}{138} \indexentry{Salpeter mass function}{138} \indexentry{Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT)}{139} \indexentry{European Extremely Large Telescope (EELT)}{139} \indexentry{Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT)}{139} \indexentry{Initial Mass Function (IMF) of stars}{141} \indexentry{nano-Jansky (nJy)}{141} \indexentry{Gunn-Peterson effect}{141} \indexentry{Salpeter mass function}{141} \indexentry{electron}{166} \indexentry{electron}{166} \indexentry{proton}{166} \indexentry{Thomson cross-section}{166} \indexentry{Sun!mass of}{166} \indexentry{Sun!radius of}{166} \indexentry{Sun!luminosity of}{166} \indexentry{Hubble constant}{166} \indexentry{Hubble time}{166} \indexentry{critical density}{166} \indexentry{parsec}{166} \indexentry{photon!wavelength of}{166} \indexentry{photon!energy of}{166} \indexentry{nano-Jansky (nJy)}{166} \indexentry{black hole}{167} \indexentry{dark matter}{168}