\contentsline {chapter}{Preface}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily vii}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{1.\kern .5em }Introduction}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}\hspace *{-1em}Preliminary Remarks}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}\hspace *{-1em}Standard Cosmological Model}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.1}\hspace *{-1em}Cosmic Perspective}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.2}\hspace *{-1em}Origin of Structure}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 5}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.3}\hspace *{-1em}Geometry of Space}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 8}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.4}\hspace *{-1em}Observing our Past: Cosmic Archaeology}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 9}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}\hspace *{-1em}Milestones in Cosmic Evolution}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 12}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}\hspace *{-1em}Most Matter is Dark}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 16}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{2.\kern .5em }From Recombination to the First Galaxies}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 21}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}\hspace *{-1em}Growth of Linear Perturbations}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 21}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}\hspace *{-1em}Thermal History During the Dark Ages: Compton Cooling on the CMB}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 24}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{3.\kern .5em }Nonlinear Structure}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 27}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}\hspace *{-1em}Cosmological Jeans Mass}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 27}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}\hspace *{-1em}Spherical Collapse}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 31}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}\hspace *{-1em}Halo Properties}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 33}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}\hspace *{-1em}Abundance of Dark Matter Halos}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 36}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.1}\hspace *{-1em}The Excursion-Set (Extended Press-Schechter) Formalism}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 37}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}\hspace *{-1em}Nonlinear Clustering: the Halo Model}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 41}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.5}\hspace *{-1em}Numerical Simulations of Structure Formation}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 41}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{4.\kern .5em }The Intergalactic Medium}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 43}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}\hspace *{-1em}The Lyman-$\alpha $ Forest}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 43}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.1}\hspace *{-1em}The Ionizing Background}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 43}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}\hspace *{-1em}Metal-Line Systems}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 43}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}\hspace *{-1em}Theoretical Models}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 43}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.1}\hspace *{-1em}Numerical Simulations}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 43}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.2}\hspace *{-1em}Semi-Analytic Models}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 43}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{5.\kern .5em }The First Stars}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 45}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}\hspace *{-1em}Chemistry and Cooling of Primordial Gas}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 45}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1.1}\hspace *{-1em}Chemistry}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 47}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}\hspace *{-1em}Formation of the First Metal-Free Stars}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 49}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}\hspace *{-1em}Sheets, Filaments, and Only Then, Galaxies}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 49}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.2}\hspace *{-1em}Metal-free Stars}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 51}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.3}\hspace *{-1em}Properties of the First Stars}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 57}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.4}\hspace *{-1em}Feedback (UV Illumination, Metal Enrichment, Remnants)}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 59}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}\hspace *{-1em}Later Generations of Stars}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 59}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}\hspace *{-1em}Global Parameters of High-Redshift Galaxies}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 59}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}\hspace *{-1em}Minimum Mass}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 59}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}\hspace *{-1em}Size Distribution}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 59}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}\hspace *{-1em}Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Brightest Explosions}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 62}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{6.\kern .5em }Supermassive Black holes}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 65}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}\hspace *{-1em}Basic Principles of Astrophysical Black Holes}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 65}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}\hspace *{-1em}Accretion of Gas onto Black Holes}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 68}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}\hspace *{-1em}Bondi Accretion}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 68}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.2}\hspace *{-1em}Thin Disk Accretion}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 69}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.3}\hspace *{-1em}Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flows}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 73}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}\hspace *{-1em}The First Black Holes and Quasars}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 75}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}\hspace *{-1em}Black Hole Binaries}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 81}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{7.\kern .5em }The Reionization of Cosmic Hydrogen by the First Galaxies}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 85}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}\hspace *{-1em}Ionization Scars by the First Stars}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 85}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}\hspace *{-1em}Propagation of Ionization Fronts}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 86}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.3}\hspace *{-1em}Swiss Cheese Topology}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 92}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.4}\hspace *{-1em}Reionization History}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 95}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.5}\hspace *{-1em}Global Ionization History}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 95}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.6}\hspace *{-1em}Statistical Description of Size Distribution and Topology of Ionized Regions}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 95}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.7}\hspace *{-1em}Radiative Transfer}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 95}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.8}\hspace *{-1em}Recombination of Ionized Regions}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 95}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.9}\hspace *{-1em}The Sources of Reionization}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 95}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.1}\hspace *{-1em}Massive Stars}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 95}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.2}\hspace *{-1em}Quasars}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 95}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.3}\hspace *{-1em}Exotic Reionization Scenarios}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 95}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.10}\hspace *{-1em}Helium Reionization}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 95}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{8.\kern .5em }Feedback in the Early Universe}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 97}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.1}\hspace *{-1em}Radiative Feedback}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 97}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.1.1}\hspace *{-1em}Heating of the Intergalactic Medium: Mini-halos and the Clumping Factor}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 97}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.1.2}\hspace *{-1em}Photo-Heating and the Suppression of Low-Mass Galaxies}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 97}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.1.3}\hspace *{-1em}Recombination Radiation}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 98}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.2}\hspace *{-1em}Large-Scale Mechanical Feedback}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 98}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.3}\hspace *{-1em}Chemical Enrichment}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 98}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{9.\kern .5em }The Lyman-$\alpha $ Line as a Probe of the Early Universe}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 99}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.1}\hspace *{-1em}Hydrogen}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 99}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.2}\hspace *{-1em}The Lyman-$\alpha $ Transition}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 99}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.3}\hspace *{-1em}Lyman-$\alpha $ Emission from Galaxies}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 102}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.4}\hspace *{-1em}Lyman-$\alpha $ Scattering in the Diffuse IGM}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 102}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4.1}\hspace *{-1em}Basic Principles}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 102}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4.2}\hspace *{-1em}Lyman-$\alpha $ Blobs}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 108}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{10.\kern .5em }The 21-cm Line}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 111}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.1}\hspace *{-1em}Atmoic Physics}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 111}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.2}\hspace *{-1em}Interaction with Gas and UV/X-ray Radiation Backgrounds}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 112}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.3}\hspace *{-1em}Statistical and Imaging Tools}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 112}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.4}\hspace *{-1em}Observational Prospects}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 112}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.5}\hspace *{-1em}The Transition to the Post-Reionization Universe}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 113}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{11.\kern .5em }The 21-cm Line: Additional Notes (by A.L.)}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 117}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11.1}\hspace *{-1em}Observing Most of the Observable Volume}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 126}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{12.\kern .5em }Observations of High-Redshift Galaxies and Implications for Reionization}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 127}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12.1}\hspace *{-1em}General Background}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 127}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.1.1}\hspace *{-1em}Luminosity and Angular-Diameter Distances}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 128}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.1.2}\hspace *{-1em}The Hubble Deep Field and its Follow-ups}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 131}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.1.3}\hspace *{-1em}Observing the First Gamma-Ray Bursts}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 134}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.1.4}\hspace *{-1em}Future Telescopes}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 136}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12.2}\hspace *{-1em}Mass Function of Stars}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 138}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12.3}\hspace *{-1em}Galaxy Evolution}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 142}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12.4}\hspace *{-1em}Methods for Identifying High-Reshift Galaxies}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 142}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12.5}\hspace *{-1em}Luminosity Function}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 143}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12.6}\hspace *{-1em}History of the Star Formation Rate Density}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 147}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12.7}\hspace *{-1em}Galaxy Searches and the Ionizing Photon Budget During Reionization}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 148}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12.8}\hspace *{-1em}Biased Clustering of High-Redshift Galaxies}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 151}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12.9}\hspace *{-1em}Molecules, Dust and the Interstellar Medium}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 154}
\contentsline {chapter}{Chapter\nobreakspace {}{13.\kern .5em }Other Observational Probes of the First Galaxies}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 157}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {13.1}\hspace *{-1em}The Cosmic Microwave Background}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 157}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {13.2}\hspace *{-1em}The Infrared Background}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 157}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {13.3}\hspace *{-1em}Low-Redshift Signatures}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 157}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.3.1}\hspace *{-1em}Clues from the IGM (Thermal History, Metal Enrichment)}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 157}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.3.2}\hspace *{-1em}The Fossil Record of the Local Group}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 157}
\contentsline {chapter}{Appendix\nobreakspace {}\numberline {A.}}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 159}
\contentsline {chapter}{Appendix\nobreakspace {}\numberline {B.}Recommended Further Reading}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 163}
\contentsline {chapter}{Appendix\nobreakspace {}\numberline {C.}Useful Numbers}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 165}
\contentsline {chapter}{Appendix\nobreakspace {}\numberline {D.}Glossary}{\fontsize {8.75}{11pt}\selectfont \sffamily 167}